\paperw3495 \margr0\margl0 \plain \fs20 \f1 \fs24 \b 11th cent. BC\b0 û Invasion of the Berber territories by the \b \cf1 \ATXht9 Phoenicians\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 .\par
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\b 753
BC\b0 û Foundation of Rome.\par
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\b 2nd cent. BC and 4th cent. AD\b0 û Invasion of the Berber territories by the Romans.\par
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\b 14 AD\b0 û Death of Octavian Augustus, the first Roman emperor.\par
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\b 313\b0 û The Edict of Milan is
sued by Constantine guarantees freedom of worship to Christians in the Roman Empire.\par
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\b 476 \b0 û Fall of the Western Roman Empire.\par
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\b 5th cent.\b0 û Invasion of the Berber territories by the Vandals.\par
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526/565\b0 û In
vasion of the Berber territories by the troops of Emperor Julian I of \b \cf1 \ATXht87 Byzantium\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 .\par
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\b 647\b0 û A few years after the death of Muhammad, the \b \cf1 \ATXht10 Arabs\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 make their entry into the Magh
reb, encouraged by their easy conquest of Egypt.\par
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756/1031\b0 û \b \cf1 \ATXht58 Umayyad \b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 dynasty in the Maghreb and Spain.\par
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\b 800\b0 û Charlemagne is crowned ruler of the Holy Roman Empire by the pope in Rome.
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\b 9th cent.\b0 û Construction of the \b \cf1 \ATXht29 Great Mosque \b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 at Kairouan.\par
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\b 800/909\b0 û Aglabit Dynasty in Tunis and Algiers. Brief period of peace throughout the Maghreb.\par
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\b 901/1171\b0 - Fati
mid Caliphate in the Maghreb\par
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\b 1061/1146\b0 û The Maghreb is ruled by the Almoravids.\par
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\b 1099\b0 û The \b \cf1 \ATXht82 First Crusade\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 begins.\par
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\b 1121/1269\b0 û Rule of the Maghreb and Southern Spain b
y the Almohads.\par
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\b 1300\b0 û Beginning of \b \cf1 \ATXht79 Ottoman rule\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 of Arabia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Turkey, the Balkans, Greece, Palestine, and the Maghreb.\par
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\b 1332 \b0 û Birth of the great historian Ibn
Khaldun.\par
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\b 1453\b0 û The Turks conquer \b \cf1 \ATXht83 Constantinople\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 .\par
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\b 16th cent.\b0 û Beginning of the conquest of the Maghreb by the Christian kings of Spain.\par
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\b 1525\b0 û Conquest of Algiers by
the \b \cf1 \ATXht11 Ottoman corsairs\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 led by the Barbarossa brothers.\par
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\b 1527\b0 û Sack of Rome by the troops of Charles V, emperor of Germany and king of Spain.\par
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\b 1541\b0 û Defeat of the Spanish fleet of Charle
s by the Ottoman corsairs. The sultanate of Istanbul bestows on ad-Din Barbarossa the official title ôBeylerbey,ö emir of emirs, formally recognizing his sovereignty over almost the whole of the Maghreb.\par
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\b 19th cent.\b0 û \b \cf1 \ATXht12 Co
lonization\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 of North Africa by the European powers.\par
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\b 20th cent.\b0 û Movements for the liberation of North Africa.